1.2 Explain the hazards inherent in oil and gas arising from the extraction, storage, and processing of raw materials and products

4.1 Unit IOG1: Management of International Oil and Gas Operational Safety 

Element 1: Health, safety and environmental management in context

Learning outcomes
On completion of this element, candidates should be able to demonstrate understanding of the content through the application of knowledge to familiar and unfamiliar situations. In particular they should be able to:
1.1 Explain the purpose of and procedures for investigating incidents and how the lessons learnt can be used to improve health and safety in the oil and gas industries
1.2 Explain the hazards inherent in oil and gas arising from the extraction, storage, and processing of raw materials and products
1.3 Outline the risk management techniques used in the oil and gas industries
1.4 Explain the purpose and content of an organisation’s documented evidence to provide a convincing and valid argument that a system is adequately safe in the oil and gas industries.

Content
1.1 Learning from incidents

• Investigating incidents (including near misses) and effective identification of the root causes and making recommendations for improvement
• The importance of learning lessons from major incidents, management, cultural, and technical failures (ie process failures) that may lead to such incidents.

1.2 Hazards inherent in oil and gas

• Meaning and relevance of:

1. - flash point
2. - vapour density
3. - vapour pressure
4. - flammable
5. - upper flammable limit, lower flammable limit and the risk from working within these limits
6. - toxicity
7. - skin irritant
8. - carcinogenic properties

• Properties and hazards of gases – hydrogen, methane, liquid petroleum gas (LPG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide and oxygen
• Properties and hazards of associated products and control measures:

1. - additives eg, anti-foaming, anti-wetting agents
2. - micro-biocides
3. - corrosion preventatives
4. - refrigerants
5. - water/steam
6. - mercaptans
7. - drilling muds
8. - sludges (including low specific activity (LSA) sludges).

1.3 Risk management techniques used in the oil and gas industries

• The purposes and uses of risk assessment techniques, qualitative and quantitate techniques (and why they differ from 5-steps approach)
• How risk management tools are applied in process safety risk identification and assessment, application in project phases from concept, design, start-up, the concept of
• ALARP and the management of major incident risks
• Industry related process safety standards, inherent safe and risk-based design concepts, engineering codes and good practice.
• The concept of hazard realisation – for example loss of containment leading to ignition, leading to explosion/fire, leading to damage/injury
• The concept of risk control using barrier models (barrier between hazard and hazard realisation)
• Use of modelling such as thermal radiation output, blast zones for risk identification.

1.4 An organisation’s documented evidence to provide a convincing and valid argument that a system is adequately safe

• Examples of documented evidence eg, safety cases and safety reports
• Where such documented evidence is used (legal requirement/good practice)
• The purpose of documented evidence such as safety cases and safety reports
• The typical content of documents such as safety cases and safety reports in relation to:

1. - identification of all major accident hazards
2. - evaluation of all major accident risks and measures taken, or to be taken to control those risks
3. - arrangements for audit and audit reports
4. - having an adequate safety management system, including the management of contractors and sub-contractors (and major accident prevention policy in the case of safety reports)
5. - emergency plan.

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